There are also theaters in Porto and Coimbra.
The African expeditions of A. Silva Pôrto (1852–53), A. Serpa Pinto (1877–79) and other explorers yielded much scientific information.After the revolution of 1910 the University of Lisbon was reorganized, a university was opened in Porto, and several scientific institutions were founded. About 38 percent of the population is illiterate. Life expectancy at birth is one of the most important demographic indicator. The primary schools offer six years of instruction, although one-room schoolhouses with four grades prevail in rural areas. Visiting foreign scholars, mainly Italians, worked at both institutions. Not a year passed without student demonstrations, often involving clashes with the authorities. Currency: euro. The average population density is about 100 persons per sq km.
Lay and ecclesiastical feudal lords acquired large holdings, and a higher nobility and knighthood gradually emerged. The absolutists, who defended the interests of the feudal elite and the church and who were led by Queen Carlota-Joaquina and Prince Miguel of Bragança, sought to take advantage of the situation. East Timor was forcibly taken over by Indonesia and did not achieve independence until 2002. The development of crafts and trade was also stimulated by the policy of religious toleration pursued by the Portuguese kings until the late 15th century toward non-Christians, both Muslims and Jews, who played a prominent role in these branches of the economy. Throughout this period the number of women has always outnumbered men since 1864. One of the leading monopolies, the Companhia União Fabril, controls the shipbuilding, chemical, textile, mining, metallurgy, and other industries, maritime transport, banking, and trade. Political terror mounted, and on the night of Nov. 10, 1935, the authorities arrested the Secretariat of the Communist Party, headed by B. Gonsalves, the party’s general secretary. Renaissance painting, for the most part the work of French masters (Nicolau Chanterene, Filipe Oudarte), is highly emotional and intensely dynamic. The army of some 180,000 men consisted of one division; infantry, tank, artillery, and armored reconnaissance regiments; and separate infantry battalions. In April and May 1962 southern Portugal was the scene of a strike of agricultural workers, the largest in Portugal’s history, which resulted in the introduction of an eight-hour workday. Although it preserved some features of bourgeois democracy, the constitution gave the fascist dictatorship legal form as a “unitary corporate republic.” The 1933 constitution empowered the government to issue decrees having the force of law without the approval of the National Assembly and freed it of any responsibility to the Assembly. Also popular are the climatic resorts of Lisboa on the Atlantic coast and Funchal, Camacha, Santa Ana, and Santa Cruz on the Madeira Islands.A law establishing compulsory education for children between the ages of seven and 13, passed in 1952, was virtually ignored prior to the overthrow of the fascist regime. In November, the Socialists formed a minority government with the support of leftist parties, and António An adequate short history of Portugal is that by H. V. Livermore (1966, repr. are able to read and write. Under Salazar's "New State," economic modernization lagged, with the result that Portugal fell increasingly behind the rest of Europe in the 1950s and 60s.Portugal's colony of Goa was seized by India in 1961. But the maneuvering of the Salazar government was unsuccessful.
The political situation that developed in Portugal after the defeat of fascist Germany caused Salazar to resort to maneuvering. The ruling circles understood the need for reform, but they feared far-reaching changes and confined themselves to introducing direct elections and municipal self-government and lowering the voting requirements. The river valleys support agriculture, and vineyards are maintained in the Douro and Tagus valleys. The term of service was two years in the army, three years in the air force, and four years in the navy.In 1973 the armed forces had a total strength of about 220,000 men, excluding the internal security troops.
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