In Portugal, changed precipitation patterns have resulted in larger and more frequent floods during autumn but a decline in the number of floods in winter and spring (12).
According to this database, floods in mainland Portugal caused 1012 deaths, 478 injured, 13,372 displaced and 40,283 homeless people in this period (33). Plant-covered land is bright green, while lightly vegetated land is tan. The 1967 Portugal floods (the "Big floods") were flash floods that took place in 25 and 26 November 1967, Portugal, in the Lisbon metropolitan area, affecting a total of 14 municipalities. The rains triggered mudslides and floods throughout Portugal and western Spain, but the worst of the damage was near Lisbon, the country’s capital, and the areas immediately to its north.
The assessment was made for the near future (period 2006-2035), mid-century (2036-2065), and end-century (2070-2099), compared with the reference period 1981-2010. Predicted reductions in summer flow are greatest for southern and south-eastern Europe, in line with the predicted increase in the frequency and severity of drought in this region.Climate-related changes in flood frequency are complex and dependent on the flood generating mechanism (e.g. One of the worst hit locations was Albufeira, where a number of residents had to evacuate from their homes [EPA] Southern Portugal has been slammed by … Floods have been the most deadly natural disasters in Portugal during the last century, followed by earthquakes. The PESETA study, for example, estimates that by the 2080s, some 250-400 million Europeans could be affected each year (compared with 200 million in the period between 1961 and 1990). A trend of decreasing flood magnitudes has been found for Spain and Portugal for the period 1956–1995 (26). Three countries had damages in excess of €10 billion (Italy, Spain, Germany), three in excess of 5 billion (United Kingdom, Poland, France) (2).Expressed in 2006 US$ normalised values, total flood losses over the 1970–2006 period amounted to 140 billion, with an average annual flood loss of 3.8 billion (4).
As flood safety cannot be reached in most vulnerable areas with the help of structural means only, further flood risk reduction via non-structural measures is usually indispensable, and a site-specific mix of structural and non-structural measures seems to be a proper solution. It was also the deadliest natural hazard in Portugal since the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. Approximately 22% of the recorded floods resulted in human fatalities (34).Floods have been the most deadly natural disasters in Portugal during the last century, followed by earthquakes. The direct anthropogenic causes include land use change, river channel modifications and increased activities in areas vulnerable to floods. The Directive introduces a three-step approach (2):The references below are cited in full in a separate map 'References'.
Large river floods are caused by heavy rains associated with a westerly zonal circulation that may persist for weeks. Approximately 22% of the recorded floods resulted in human fatalities (34). Deforestation, urbanization and reduction of wetlands diminish the available water-storage capacity and increase the runoff coefficient, leading to growth in the flow amplitude and reduction of the time-to-peak. The landscape has turned green in the top image with the flush of new vegetation.The large images provided above are at MODIS’ maximum resolution of 250 meters per pixel. In particular, flash and urban floods, triggered by local intense precipitation events, are likely to be more frequent throughout Europe (15).Flood hazard will also probably increase during wetter and warmer winters, with more frequent rain and less frequent snow (16). Spain and Portugal – Storm Elsa Brings Deadly Winds and Floods 20 December, 2019 Storm Elsa brought winds of 160 km/h and heavy rain across parts of northern Portugal and Spain on 19 December, 2019.
In the space of two weeks, the rainfall has clearly spurred plant growth.
Thousands of square kilometres of impermeable surfaces have been created, coastal urbanization has been extensive. At least 2 weather related fatalities were reported in… Important factors of relevance to flood risk are population and economy growth, flood protection strategy, flood risk awareness (or flood risk ignorance) behaviour and a compensation culture (23).Non-structural measures are in better agreement with the spirit of sustainable development than structural measures, being more reversible, commonly acceptable, and environment-friendly. The hundred year floods will attenuate by 10-50% in northern Russia, Finland and most mountainous catchments throughout Europe. Changes in the terrestrial system, such as urbanisation, deforestation, loss of natural floodplain storage, as well as river and flood management have also strongly affected flood occurrence (13).In 2012 the IPCC concluded that considerable uncertainty remains in the projections of flood changes, especially regarding their magnitude and frequency. Longer time-series of losses are necessary for more conclusive results (6).In 2012 the IPCC concluded that there is limited to medium evidence available to assess climate-driven observed changes in the magnitude and frequency of floods at a regional scale because the available instrumental records of floods at gauge stations are limited in space and time, and because of confounding effects of changes in land use and engineering.
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